民勤荒漠区无霜期及春季低温变化特征分析

以甘肃民勤治沙综合试验站数十年气象定点观测资料为基础,统计、分析了民勤荒漠区无霜期、春季低温、冻土层的变化特征。结果显示:该地区平均终霜期为5月10日,初霜期为9月28日,50 a来终霜期有逐渐提前、初霜期有逐渐推后的趋势,但不同年份变异幅度增大;3-5月份地表平均最低温度、气温逐渐上升,≤0℃出现比率下降,但4月下旬至5月上旬大强度的降温天气时有发生;3月份冻土层的变化与气温变化趋势相近。30 a以来地表平均日最低温度和气温亦有所提高。     

木材干燥应力应变超微观模型的构筑

木材干燥应力应变研究不论在理论上探索还是用于指导生产实践,都具有重大的意义。然而木材干燥应力与应变的关系是非常复杂的,因为木材属于既有弹性又有塑性的材料———弹塑性材料。应变的大小受很多因素的影响,包括材料自身的因素,例如密度、管胞或纤维胞壁的微纤丝的角度以及恒定或变化的环境因素(如大气的温度、相对湿度)等。还有依从于时间的因素(申宗圻,1990)。正是由于木材本身的特殊结构及其在干燥过程中各参数变化的复杂性,建立一个精确性较高和适用性较广的干燥应力应变数学模型很困难。若不靠数学物理方法,单纯的试验很难重现实…     

海岸带沙荒风口木麻黄无性系造林效果的综合评价

以木麻黄无性系的防护效能和速生丰产性能为基础,运用多目标决策方法,对沿海沙荒风口6种木麻黄无性系造林效果进行综合评价,结果表明:在沙荒风口造林的6种木麻黄无性系中,粤501最抗风,其防护效能最高,平18次之;平18最速生丰产,粤501其次;莆20在6种无性系中无论抗风性还是速生丰产性能均最低。综合评价指标以平18最高,粤501次之,莆20最小。平18和粤501是沿海沙荒风口造林理想的木麻黄无性系。     

黑龙江省非转基因大豆产业绿色供应链协同模式研究

以黑龙江省非转基因大豆产业为例,提出非转基因大豆产业绿色供应链协同模式形成的必要性与可行性。界定非转基因大豆产业绿色供应链协同的利益相关者,构建非转基因大豆产业绿色供应链协同模式的结构模型,并分别从战略协同、管理协同、操作协同三个维度探析了非转基因大豆产业绿色供应链协同模式。     

Determination of Principal Components for Characterizing the Drying of Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus Selenka) Using Far Infrared Radiation Drying and Hot Air Drying

Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were conducted to characterize the drying of sea cucumber (SC). Far infrared radiation drying (FIRD) and hot air drying (AD) were used to dehydrate SC. Thirteen variables—including the morphological, color, and textural properties of dried SC—were selected for statistical analysis. The analysis of these 13 variables yielded three principal components showing significant correlations. PCA showed that the first three components represented 86.2% of the total variation. The first principal component was primarily related to the morphological properties of SC. The principal components determined by the PCA were more strongly influenced by the morphological variables than by the drying method. Of the morphological variables, the weight of SC had the strongest influence on the drying time and rehydration ratio of FIRD and AD.     

封闭流水式网箱养殖混合供电系统设计

封闭流水式网箱养殖优点是零排放无污染,符合环保养殖要求,缺点是水质容易恶化,水交换与排污能耗大。为了降低能耗并确保设备正常运行,研发太阳能-市电-柴油发电机混合供电系统。基于蓄电池充放电特性,采用最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)和数字信号处理(DSP)技术实现太阳能智能充放电控制与保护,应用双电源自动转换开关技术实现有序混合供电。太阳能月均发电量250 k W·h,日均供电8.3 k W·h,满足负载日均耗电6.6~8.8 k W·h要求。结果表明,在阳光充足情况下,以太阳能供电为主;当出现连续阴雨天气情况下,供电顺序为蓄电池(充满状态可放电3~4 h)、市电、柴油发电机。随着太阳能系统性价比的提高,节能效果将更加明显。     

Root architecture of sorghum genotypes differing in root angles under different water regimes

Plant root architecture offers the potential for increasing soil water accessibility, particularly under water-limited conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root architecture in two genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in root angles and to assess the influence of different deficit irrigation regimes on root architecture. The response of two sorghum genotypes, ‘Early Hegari-Sart’ (EH; steep root angle) and ‘Bk7’ (shallow root angle) to four irrigation treatments was investigated in two replicated outdoor studies using large pots. The results indicated that EH possessed steeper brace and crown root angles, fewer brace roots, greater root biomass, and root length density than Bk7 at deeper soil depths (i.e., 15–30 and 30–45 cm) compared with a shallower depth (i.e., 0–15 cm). Across the soil profile, EH had greater root length density and length of roots of small diameter (<1 mm) than Bk7. Accordingly, EH showed more rapid soil-water capture than Bk7. Different levels of irrigation input greatly affected root architecture. Severe deficit irrigation (25% of full crop transpiration throughout the season) increased the angle and number of crown roots, root biomass, and root length density compared with 75 and 100% of full crop transpiration treatments. Consequently, root system architecture can be effectively manipulated through both genotypic selection and irrigation management to ensure optimal performance under different levels of soil available water.     

胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候对胡椒产量的影响

为确定胡椒园间作槟榔体系影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,在海南胡椒园间作槟榔优势区开展4种间作模式与单作胡椒园小气候因子对产量影响的为期4 a的试验,研究不同间作密度下,对胡椒产量有主要贡献的灌浆期的叶片光合作用参数、每日最高和最低气温、不同深度土层土壤温度和含水量,分析胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候因子对胡椒产量的影响。结果表明:合理间作可以提高胡椒产量,其中间作槟榔株数为765株/hm2的T2处理可以显著提高胡椒产量38.71%,为增产效应最大的处理。分析T2处理增产的原因,发现光强影响的关键光合参数气孔导度对产量有极显著正效应,光合有效辐射、光合速率对产量有显著正效应,T2处理显著提高了这三个光合参数;高温干旱的灌浆期胡椒园日最高温和升温幅度与产量负相关,T2处理显著降低了这两个参数,使胡椒产量增加;表层土壤温度与产量呈负相关关系,T2处理显著降低了表层土壤温度,对胡椒根系有保护作用。综合分析,发现光合有效辐射、日最高温、升温幅度和表层土壤温度是影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,所以,这几种小气候因子是用来确定间作模式是否合理的关键参数。     

2014年棉花市场形势分析与展望

在政策调控下,2014年国内棉花供给充裕,市场需求整体疲软。棉花进口量大幅回落,纺织品服装出口增速明显回落。受需求不足以及棉花目标价格试点政策实施影响,国内外棉价大幅下降,内外价差明显缩小。后期国内外市场仍将维持弱势震荡格局。受棉价持续走低影响,全球棉花产量预计下降1.6%,中国棉花收获面积下降7.5%。     

空气罐与超压泄压阀联合水锤防护特性

提出了一种空气罐与超压泄压阀联合设置的停泵水锤防护方案,并基于瞬变流计算的特征线法建立了空气罐、液控蝶阀、超压泄压阀等边界条件的数学模型,模拟了停泵工况下系统的压力变化过程.结合工程实例,对比分析了空气罐单独防护、空气罐与两阶段关闭泵后液控蝶阀联合防护以及空气罐与超压泄压阀联合防护对停泵水锤的影响.在空气罐体型一定时,对超压泄压阀的启闭规律进行了敏感性分析.计算结果表明,空气罐与两阶段关闭泵后液控蝶阀联合防护方案对输水系统正负水锤防护均不利;而空气罐与超压泄压阀联合防护方案对输水系统正负水锤均有较好的防护效果,与空气罐单独防护方案相比,泵后高压管段最高压应力由1.343 MPa降至1.087 MPa,在满足承压标准1.2 MPa的基础上安全裕度提高了9.4%,空气罐体型也由200 m³缩减至160 m³.超压泄压阀应在5 s内开启至全开度,且开启后持续时间应接近1个相长.